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CPB E-Library:
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ICCRI. 2005. Standard operational procedures for controlling cacao pod borer in Indonesia.
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SOP for controlling cacao pod borer in Indoneaia includes cultural control, frequent harvesting, sanitation, plastic bagging, and if needed pesticides.
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Day RK. 1985. Control of the cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella). A PhD thesis submitted to the University of London. 299 pp. [14,6 MB]
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A computerized simulation model, based on larval survival is developed as an aid to evaluating existing and potential control strategies. Within commercially used cocoa varieties, there is a range of susceptibility to pod borer. The clone SCA12 affords high larval survival while PA7 and Amelonado cause higher mortality, particularly at the sclerotic layer. The resting site of the adult moths is identified as a suitable target for selective chemical application, and trials proved the method profitable. Rampassen and frequent harvesting coupled with husk destruction are expensive and relatively ineffective, but pod sleeving can be used to protect pods and reduce the pest population. Pheromone trapping, Trichogrammatoidea release or introduced natural enemies offer good potential for causing continuous pest mortality but are unlikely to be effective on their own. Two or more control methods will probably be necessary to achieve satisfactory control, at least in the more susceptible varieties.
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Sjafaruddin M. et al. 2006. Assesment of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technology to increase production and income of the cocoa farmers in South Sulawesi. J. Pengkaj. Pengemb. Tekn. Pert. 9(2): 118-128.
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Result showed that cocoa pod borer infestation on IPM plots were 5,2-17,6%, while on non-IPM plots were 49,7-73,9%. Production and income on IPM plots increased 25,50% and 23,22%, respectively. Percentage of farmers who adopted all component was about 20%, while those adopted partially was 6,67-13,33%.
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Asrul L. 2004. Seleksi dan Karakterisasi Morfologi Tanaman Kakao Harapan Tahan Penggerek Buah Kakao. J. Sains & Teknologi 4(3): 109-122. [189 KB]
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Research was conducted to evaluate the resistance of cocoa pods to cocoa pod borer.
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SUCCESS. 2006. Effective CPB Control. 3rd Annual SUCCESS Alliance Conference, 30 Oct-3 Nov 2006, Hoch. City, Vietnam. [780 KB]
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A power point presentation showing that combined method of two insecticide application and sleeving showed to be very effective in controlling CPB, with less sleeves and very few pesticide applications .
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Matlick BL. 2006. Review of Cocoa Pod Borer Control Methods by Small Farmers in Indonesia. Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center.
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Numerous outbreaks of CPB have occurred in Indonesia following the cocoa expansion in the late 1980's and early 1990's. In early 1997 CPB was officially confirmed in 42,864 ha of approximately 450,000 ha total planted to cocoa. By March 1998, it is estimated that up to 100,000 ha or approximately 20% of all cocoa in Indonesia are infested with CPB. There is no scientific reason not to believe that CPB will continue to spread and infect all of Indonesian cocoa. The infestation spread rate varies from province to province and seems to be dependent on the intensity of the plantings and local weather conditions.
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ACDI/VOCA. 2005. Final Report Sustainable Cocoa Enterprise Solutions for Smallholders (SUCCESS) Alliance-Indonesia. [2,0 MB]
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Core to the program was the implementation of the methodology developed to combat the Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB) pest in the CPB Management Project 1996-1998: PsPSP, a combination of frequent harvesting, pruning, sanitation of cocoa pod husks and fertilizer usage. The SUCCESS program recorded significant impact from the dissemination of this crop husbandry method through a methodology developed by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) called Farmer Field Schools (FFS).
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Misnawi and Teguh W. 2008. Potential Uses of Cocoa Bean Infested by Conopomorpha cramerella for Polyphenol Extraction. ASEAN Food Journal 15(1): 27-34. [815 KB]
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Cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen)) is the main fatal pest that destroys cocoa plantations in South East Asia, mainly in Indonesia and Malaysia. The cocoa beans infested by cocoa pod borer can potentially to be used as a source of phenolic compounds for
natural antioxidant uses.
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Teh CL, JTY Pang, CT Ho. 2006. Variation of the Response of Clonal Cocoa to Attack by Cocoa Pod Borer in Sabah. Crop Protection 25: 712-717. [185 KB]
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Eight cocoa clones were examined for variation in resistance to cocoa pod borer (Conopormorpha cramerella Sn) in Sabah, Malaysia. Over a 13 month period up to 1200 ripe pods of each were shaved back to the sclerotic layer and the number of larval entry and exit holes were counted. There were significant differences in the proportion of larvae that were able to exit.
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Chaidamsari T. 2005. Biotechnology for Cocoa Pod Borer Resistance in Cocoa. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Wageningen University. [4,6 MB]
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This thesis describes the first steps in a biotechnological approach to the control of CPB through the production of transgenic, CPB-resistant cocoa trees that produce an insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis in their pod wall.
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Santoso D, T Chaidamsari, S Wiryadiputra, RA de Maagd. 2004. Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins against cocoa pod borer larvae. Pest Management Science 60: 735-738. [85 KB]
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Twelve Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were tested in bioassays on cacao plantations in Indonesia for activity against the larvae of cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella. Three Cry1 proteins with relatively little homology were all found to be toxic, opening perspectives for controlling cocoa pod borer by expression of Cry proteins in transgenic plants.
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Susilo AW, E Sulistyowati, E Mufrihati. 2004. Exploration for Cocoa Genotypes Resistant to Cocoa Pod Borer. Pelita Perkebunan 20(1): 1-12. [49 KB]
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There are 2 genotypes (PABA/I/Pbrk and PABA/V/81L/1) showed slightly damage, 3 genotypes (PABA/VIII/78F/2 PABA/VIII/78B/3, and PABA/V/81L/2) showed medium damage, and 6 genotypes (PABA/VIII/78B/1, PABA/VIII/78B/2, PABA/ IX/90O/2, PABA/IX/90O/3, PABA/I/90C/1, and PABA/I/90C/2) showed heavily damage.
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Bong CL, A Ruslan, H Norlela, S Sharifuddin, A Alias, A Markos. 1999. Beauveria bassiana As A Potential Biocontrol Agent of The Cocoa Pod Borer, Conopomorpha cramerella. Proc. Symp. Bio. Contr. Tropics, Selangor-Malaysia, 18-19 March 1999. [570 KB]
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B. bassiana caused high mortality of the larvae and pupae, 40%-100% depending on how it was applied.
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Day RK, JD Mumford, HS Hing. 1994. Adult resting sites as a target for chemical control of the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Malaysia. Bull. Entomol. Res. 85:45-52. [2,3 MB]
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Moths were found on the undersides of branches 45º or less from horizontal, and 1.5 cm or more in diameter: 90% were found in the lower half of trees. In susceptible cocoa varieties control is always likely to be difficult, but in less susceptible varieties, and with well maintained trees, chemical control by selective application to adult resting sites can be a practical component of integrated control.
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See YA, KC Khoo. 1996. Influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa pod damage by Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Malaysia. Bul. Entomol. Res. 86: 467-474. [ 3,29 MB]
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An abundance of D. thoracicus was associated with significant reductions in the percentage unextractable pods. Mean percentage pods infested was generaly kept below 50% in ant-abundant plots and mostly exceeded the 50% level in ant-scarce plots. There was a clear negative effect of D. thoracicus abundance on C. cramerella infestation rate.
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Lim GT. 1992. Biology, Ecology and Control of Cocoa Podborer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen). In Cocoa Pest and Disease Management in Southeast Asia and Australasia. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 112. [3,1 MB]
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This paper gives the known biological and ecological information of this insect, including life cycle, geographical distribution, hosts, nature of damage, economic importance, fecundity, behaviour, natural enemies, loss assessment, seasonal trends, sampling methods, host plantsuitability, cropping pattern and weather in relation to the population of cocoa podborer.
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Wardojo S. 1980. The Cocoa Pod Borer: A Major Hindrance to Cocoa Development. Indonesian Agric. Dev. Journal 2: 1-4. [2,9 MB]
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Eradication of this pest at its sources is justifiable until other satisfactory control methods are available.
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Wardojo S. 1984. How to relieve the problems in the North Moluccas caused by the cocoa podborer, Acrocercops cramerella Sn. Menara Perkebunan 52(3): 57-64. [3,3 MB]
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Considering the fact that sleeving of cocoa pods by means of polythene bags is simple and efective, it is suggested to introduce this method to the cocoa smallholders in the North Moluccas in stages of developmental activities.
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Sulistyowati E. 2006. Hasil identifikasi dan klarifikasi serangan hama penggerek buah kakao di Papua New Guinea. Warta Puslit Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia 22(1): 28-36. [202 KB]
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Hama PBK sudah menyerang pertanaman kakao milik perkebunan Kareeba dan kebun percobaan NARI di Keravat, Propinsi East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Serangan hama PBK diduga sudah terjadi selama 4-5 bulan, dengan tingkat kerusakan buah berkisar dari serangan ringan sampai berat.
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MAPPS. 1987. Introduction to cocoa pod borer. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.1-6, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [917 KB]
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The cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen), formerly referred to as Acrocercops cramerella, is todate a most serious pest of cocoa in the Oriental Region of the world. Larval feeding on cotyledons causes sticking of beans, while feeding on the funicles results in beans being malformed and under sized, significantly reducing quality and thus value of processed beans.
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Ling AH, CC Yew, TS Koh.1987. Experience in handling the cocoa pod borer outbreak in Peninsular Malaysia. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.129-137, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [1,5 MB]
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The paper describes the extent and severity of the outbreak and the implementation of integrated control program to contain and possibly eradicate the pest. The program includes frequent harvesting, bagging of spilt husks, spraying with cypermethrin, and mass trapping with sex pheromone. Quarantine measures include the prohibition of movement of pods, wet beas, rambutan and other plant materials.
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Wood BJ.1987. Prospects for the management of the cocoa pod borer in Malaysia. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.139-165, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [4,8 MB]
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Management of CPB includes frequent complete harvesting, periodic stripping of all pods (rampasan) and protection of individual pods by plastic sleeves. Spraying at trough crop (when CPB population is low) breaks the development cycle. Synthetic pheromones can be used in mass trapping, and mass release of an egg parasitoid is effective in pilot plots. The foregoing measures all require regular grower intervention to suppress build up of CPB, or periodically break its cycle.
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Tay EB. 1987. Control of cocoa pod borer: the Sabah experience. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.7-17, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [1,6 MB]
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The cocoa pod borer was first detected in Sabah in 1980, confined to some cocoa planting in Tawau. By mid-1983, all major cocoa growing district was infested. Various measures taken included rampasan, the use of gamma-HCH, bagging, frequent harvesting, utilization of natural enemies anf the use of pheromone.
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Sidhu MS, CH Sim, KV Johney. 1987. Practical aspects of chemical spraying for cocoa pod borer management in Sabah. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.19-40, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [3,4 MB]
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Numerous factors such as target sites, optimum frequency of application and the period of chemical application in relation to the cropping cycle are critical in determining the success or failure of any spraying. Insecticides should be judiciously used to avoid any detrimental effects on beneficial insects in cocoa ecosystem. Such side effects can be lessened by timing chemical application to avoid periods of high beneficial insect activity or incorporating insecticide spraying into an IPM system, so that only small areas are sprayed at any one time.
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Shah S. 1987. Cultural and physical control of cocoa pod borer. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.43-51, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [1,2 MB]
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Various cultural and physical control methods viz. short harvesting rounds, high harvesting standards, same day harvesting and splitting and bagging of husk were used to control the infestation. The benefits of all these methods combined together can be substantial, leaving the environment safe for the natural enemies and pollinating insects.
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Ho SH, PS Beevor, JD Mumford. 1987. A practical approach to the control of cocoa pod borer moth using synthetic pheromone in an integrated system. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.53-68, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Ku
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Trials include mass trapping alone, trapping with spraying, trapping with egg parasitoid release and untreated control. Results indicate trapping to provide partial control with better control achieved where trapping is combined with other control measures. Investigations into utilizing the sex pheromone for mating disruption, and as a monitoring tool are in progress.
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Lim GT, TC Chong. 1987. Biological control of cocoa pod borer by periodic release of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata in Sabah Malaysia. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.71-80, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpu
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An experimental trial was conducted on the biological control of CPB by the egg parasitoid. Results showed that the pod infestation rate in the control was significantly higher than in the weekly released block. Percentage of parasitism in weekly released block was significantly higher than the control. Weekly released blocks also had less bean losses than the control.
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Azhar I, DHK Lim. 1987. An investigation on the use of host plant resistance and crop manipulation in the management of the cocoa pod borer. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.83-101, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala L
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The paper discusses the concept of HPR and crop manipulation. Antibiosis is considered to be a major aspect of resistance to CPB. Sclerotic layer hardness seems to be one of the important mechanisms although sclerotic layer thickness may also be a contributory factor. Provision for synchronous mass fruiting may also have a significant impact on CPB infestation.
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Ooi PAC. 1987. Advances in the biological control of cocoa pod borer. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.103-117, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [2,5 MB]
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In Peninsular Malaysia the number of parasitoids recorded from rambutan and namnam is eight while from Sabah, a total of seven parasitoids has been reported. In Indonesia, the number of pupal parasitoids recorded is five. Three pupal parasitoids and an egg parasitoid have been reported from the Philippines. To date, a total of 24 different parasitoids have so far been recorded from CPB in the South and Souteast Asian region.
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Rita M, SG Tan. 1987. Biochemical taxonomy of the cocoa pod borer: a prospective view. In Management of the cocoa pod borer (eds. Ooi PAC et al.) pp.119-126, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur. [1,5 MB]
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Taxonomic differentiation using morphological characteristics show that the cocoa pod borer and the rambutan fruit borer are similar morphologically. An intensive biochemical study of Conopomorpha cramerella needs to be carried out to clarify the taxonomic status of this pest since improperly identified species can have important implications in pest management.
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Azhar I, GE Long. 1996. Effect of cocoa pod age on egg distribution and egg parasitism of the cocoa pod borer in Malaysia. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 81: 81-89. [3,4 MB]
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The oviposition pattern varied with pod age. Older pods less than 7 weeks before ripening were preferred, suggesting greater nulritional value or chemical attraction of the older pods. The proportion of eggs parasitized by Trichogrammatoidea bactrae
f umata (TBF), the number of eggs lost and the proportion surviving to larval emergence from the pod were independent of pod age. Egg parasitism was low, implying that TBF was not an effective natural enemy.
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Alias A, K Lamin, MT Lee. 1999. The Use of The Egg Parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata, for The Control of The Cocoa Pod Borer: Research Progress, Constraints and Prospects. Proc. Symp. Bio. Contr.Tropics, Selangor-Malaysia, 18-19 March 1999. [6
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Research has been conducted on the use of an indigenous parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata, for the control of cocoa pod borer (CPB). The results showed that the parasitoid is an effective bioagent for the management of CPB.
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Jaya AMS, S Aswidinnoor, D Santoso. 2004. Detection and sequence analysis of proteinase inhibitor gene in cacao clones putatively cacao pod borer-tolerant from South Sulawesi. Menara Perkebunan 72(1): 1-10. [305 KB]
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Two DNA fragments from cacao clones putatively tolerant to CPB, MJ-1 and LW-1, were sequenced. One of them, MJ-1 was cloned. Sequence analyses of the
fragments of both cacao clones, indicated that they have PIN homologs and a very closed genetic relation with 96% level of similarity.
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Sulistyowati E, YD Junianto, S Sukamto, S Wiryadiputra, L Winarto, N Primawati. 2003. Analysis of the status of cocoa IPM research and development in Indonesia. Risalah Simposium Nasional Penelitian PHT Perkebunan Rakyat, Bogor, 17-18 September 2003. [93
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The total area of cacao in Indonesia in 2000 was 588.311 ha, of which 447.812 ha or 76,12% belong to smallholder farmers. The main problem of cacao production in Indonesia was the infestation of cacao pod borer (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella). The whole cacao area infested by CPB in 2001 was 70,000 ha, covering almost all producing cacao provinces. Research findings have been incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) programs, through farmer field schools. Farmers who practiced IPM gained a significant increase in cacao production by 250 % and profit by 343,5%.
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Ngim CK, SH Ho. 1992. Control of the cocoa podborer (Conopomorpha cramerella) with Lambdacyhalothrin. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Plant Prot. Trop. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [1,6 MB]
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Lambdacyhalothrin, applied as forthnightly foliar spray using knapsack sprayers, at rates from 14-25 ppm significantly reduced cocoa pod borer damage. Direct crop loss was significantly lower than the untreated control after six to seven rounds of insecticide application.
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Anshary A. 2002. The potential of cacao clones resistant to the pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella in integrated pest management. Risalah Simposium Nasional Penelitian PHT Perkebunan Rakyat, Bogor, 17-18 September 2002. [59 KB]
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Larval mortality on resistant clones ranged 29.5%-45.5%, whereas on susceptible clones 0.24%. Adult longevity on the resistant clones was 10.2 for males and 10.4 days for females, while on susceptible clones 12.2 and 12,7 days for male and female, respectively. Thickness of the sclerotic layer of cacao pod of the resistant clones was three times higher than those of susceptible clones.
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Suntoro, AS Bahri, Budiman. 2003. Study on the use of litter for trapping cocoa pod borer pupae. Risalah Simposium Nasional Penelitian PHT Perkebunan Rakyat, Bogor, 17-18 September 2003. [49 KB]
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Infested cacao pods were collected from the field, laid down on ground and then covered with cacao leaves for 18 days. Numbers of coccons both on the leaves and pod were counted every day, and then they were killed. Result showed that total number of coccons found on the leaves was 181, but none on pods. This implies that trapping pupae with cacao leaves can reduce pod borer population in the field.
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Sulistyowati E, YD Junianto, E Mufrihati, A Wahab. 2002. The Effectiveness of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus for Controling Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella). Pelita Perkebunan 18(3): 120-128. [587 KB]
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Application of P. fumosoroseus Pfr-08 isolate formulation concentration 5 m1/10 1 water for five times with 10 days interval in the field was quite effective to control CPB 52,8%.
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Sulistyowati E, S Wardani, E Mufrihati. 2005. Development of Monitoring Technique for Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.). Pelita Perkebunan 21(3): 159-168. [45 KB]
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Based on the Chi2 value and time consumed for monitoring, it could be concluded that the observation of 100 attacked pods during harvesting was the most accurate technique closest to the standard method,
with a lowest Ç2 value and not significantly different to standard method. On the contrary the visual observation on the pod colour showed the less accurate technique with Ç2 value of 242,25335,33 followed by the observation on the present of holes on the pod with Ç2 value of 243,45282,87.
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Wardojo S and Moersamdono. 1984. The Use of Polythene Bags to Protect Cocoa Pods from Infestation of Acrocercops cramerella Senellen. Menara Perkebunan 52(3): 77-83. [2,9 MB]
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The use of polythene bags to protect cocoa pods from infestation of the cocoa podborer, has been tried out in the Semugih-Pesantren plantation (Central Java) of P.T. Perkebunan XVIPI. Starting from July 1980, each time 8-10 cm long pods of Amelonado cocoa and 10-12 crn long pods of Trinitario cocoa were sleeved with thin transparent polythene bags of 35 x 15 crn (0.02 mm thick). Infestation of sleeved pods showed a decrease from 25.3 percent (October 1980) to 11.9 percent (April 1981).
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Prawoto AA. 1993. Infestation of Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.) in Central Sulawesi. Pelita Perkebunan 9(2): 79-84. [1,5 MB]
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Sulawesi is the main cocoa producing area in Indonesia. In 1992 the production share was 52% from total national production. Since 1991 cocoa in Central Sulaesi was infested by cocoa pod borer. The infestation reduced bean production by 80-90%.
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Wiryadiputra S. 2001. The use of entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana) to control cocoa podborer (Conopomorpha cramerella) in the field. Proc. Incoped 3rd International Seminar 16-17 Oct. 2000, Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia. [444 KB]
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Integration of weekly harvesting and spraying of B. bassiana every two weeks was most effective for the control of CPB. CPB infestation can be brought down to below that of control threshold (30% of pods infested) after 12 weeks of continuous spraying of B. bassiana.
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Suparno T. 2001. Infestation of cocoa pod borer in cacao plantations in Kerkap Areas, North Bengkulu and their control. J. Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 1(1): 11-14. [1,3 MB]
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Cocoa pod borer was a newly arrived pest in Bengkulu. The controls being suggested were early pick up of the pods, uses resistant clones, and insecticide applications.
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Toana MH. 2000. Population density of Conopomorpha cramerella larvae and the seed losses on cacao. Eugenia 6(4): 300-304. [1,2 MB]
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The study was conducted in Toli-Toli, Central Sulawesi. Larval density were 1,79 and 1,58 per pod, percentage of infested pods 68,8% and 58,8%, seed losses 34,2% and 28,3% respectively on Trinitario and Amelonado.
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Wood BJ, CG Fee, SS Cheong, CC Foh. 1992. Trials on control of the cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) in Sabah by regular complete harvesting. Tropical Pest Management 38(3): 271-278. [2,9 MB]
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An early recommended control measure for cocoa pod borer in Sabah was frequent thorough harvesting to a low standard of ripeness, called regular complete harvesting (RCH). This paper reports a trial that demonstrated the effect of RCH. Economic control is achieved if 50% or fewer pods are infested and this can easily be achieved by RCH.
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Tulung M. 2000. Study of cacao moth (Conopomorpha cramerella) control in North Sulawesi. Eugenia 6(4): 294-299. [818 KB]
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Application of Tamaron, Azodrin, Gusadrin and Lannate through stem infusion, root injection and spraying could suppress the attack by cacao moths
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Wardojo S. 1988. Strategi Penanggulangan Hama Kakao. Prosiding Komunikasi Teknis Kakao, Surabaya, 25-26 Oktober 1988. [1,4 MB]
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Strategi penanggulangan hama kakao, khususnya PBK, perlu diperhitungkan sejak tahap perencanaan pengembangan perkebunan kakao.
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Wardojo S. 1981. Metode Pengamatan Penggerek Buah Cokelat. Prosiding Lokakarya Hama Penggerek Buah Cokelat, Tanjung Morawa, 16 Pebruari 1981. [1,2 MB]
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Untuk pertanaman cokelat yang letaknya jauh dari sumber serangan PBK, pengamatan sebagai kegiatan rutin dapat dilakukan dengan metode pemecahan buah pada saat panen. Untuk pertanaman cokelat yang letaknya berdekatan dengan sumber serangan PBK, pengamatan dapat didasarkan pada metode penyelubungan buah dengan kantung plastik.
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